By Robert J. Siscoe
“Our ultimate purpose is that of Voltaire and the French Revolution:
that is, the total annihilation of Catholicism and even of the Christian
idea (…) In a hundred years time… the bishops and priests will think they
are marching behind the banner of the keys of Peter when in fact they will
be following our [Masonic] flag… the reforms will have to be brought about
in the name of obedience”. (Alta
Vendita)
Archbishop Lefebvre famously said Satan's masterstroke in our day “is to
have succeeded in sowing disobedience to all of Tradition in the name of
obedience.” Indeed, over the past 50 years the entire “face” of the Church
(what is seen) has been transformed in the name of obedience. Like our Lord
during His Passion, the Church today is no longer recognizable, except in
those places where Tradition has been maintained. A new religion has emerged
within the walls of Holy Mother Church, which has supplanted, and all but
eradicated, the “old religion”.
This has been accomplished, not only by a corruption of the liturgy, as
found in the New Mass (the vehicle of the New Religion), but also by
discouraging those aspects of Catholicism that are contrary to the New
Religion (Masonry), while encouraging only those aspects of the Faith that
can be reconciled with the humanistic teachings of the Masonic sect. Hence,
helping the poor and needy, and speaking of the infinite mercy of God
(certainly aspects of the Faith), are quite acceptable in the modern Church,
while speaking about the frightful justice of God, politically incorrect
dogmas such as hell, or No Salvation Outside the Church, are discouraged if
not outright forbidden. Overtime, this tactic has transformed much of the
Church into a humanistic organization, perfectly compatible with Masonry,
and utterly devoid of the supernatural.
Hold to Tradition
In St. Paul’s second letter to the Thessalonians, he discusses the great
apostasy that will precede the rise of the antichrist. He notes that during
this time men will lack love for the truth, which God will punish by sending
them “the operation of error…that all may be judged who have not believed
the truth.” He then admonishes the Thessalonians, “stand fast, and hold to
the traditions which you have learned, whether by word or by our epistle”,
thereby showing that adherence to tradition is the antidote that will
protect them from being led astray during the time of apostasy.
Four Centuries later, St. Vincent of Lerins asked what Catholics should do
if the entire Church was infected by a “novel contagion”. He explained that,
at such a time, the safe path is to cleave to tradition. He wrote:
"What then will the Catholic Christian do, if a small part of the Church has
cut itself off from the communion of the universal Faith? The answer is
sure. He will prefer the healthiness of the whole body to the morbid and
corrupt limb.
"But what if some novel contagions try to infect the whole Church, and not
merely a tiny part of it? Then he will take care to cleave to antiquity
(tradition), which can never be led astray by any lying novelty.”
In explaining this point further, St. Vincent said we must “take the
greatest care to hold that which has been believed everywhere, always and by
all”, and then added:
“We shall hold to this rule if we follow universality, antiquity,
and consent. We shall follow universality if we acknowledge that
one Faith to be true which the whole Church throughout the world confesses;
antiquity if we in no wise depart from those interpretations which
it is clear that our ancestors and fathers proclaimed; consent, if in
antiquity itself, we keep following the definitions and opinions of all, or
certainly nearly all, Bishops and Doctors alike.”
(1)
Tradition (with a big T) includes both speculative and practical doctrines
(2). Antiquity and consent include principles of practical
behavior to help guide us in normal and extraordinary circumstances, as well
as the writings of the Saints, Doctors, and Church approved theologians who
not only teach these principles, but apply them to various hypothetical
situations in which the faithful may find themselves. If we find ourselves
faced with an extraordinary situation, such as popes and bishops teaching
strange, novel, or apparently heretical doctrines, we can turn with
confidence to antiquity (tradition), not only to know what to believe, but
also how to judge correctly, and how to behave.
Adherence to tradition, understood in both the strict and broad sense of the
term, is always the certain path to follow, while novelty has always been
the mark of heretics. In his encyclical against Modernism, Pope St. Pius X
said, “for Catholics nothing will remove the authority of the second Council
of Nicea, where it condemns those 'who dare, after the impious fashion of
heretics, to deride the ecclesiastical traditions, and to invent novelties
of any kind’.”(Pascendi)
The Seventh Ecumenical Council states, “let everything that conflicts with
ecclesiastical tradition and teaching, and that which has been innovated and
done contrary to the examples outlined by the Saints and venerable Fathers,
or that shall hereafter at any time be done in such fashion, be anathema.”
If we turn to tradition to guide us through the current crisis, we will be
on the safe path. If we depart from tradition and embrace novelty, as
heretics are want to do, we are sure to fall into error in one direction or
another. Therefore, when faced with wayward prelates teaching strange and
novel doctrines that undermine the Faith, we need only turn to tradition
(antiquity and consent) to know how to respond.
Obedience
What is the obligation of Catholics during the unprecedented ecclesiastical
crisis in which we find ourselves? Are we required to simply obey in all
things, even when such obedience endangers our faith, and is being used by
the enemies within to “fundamentally transform” the Church? Or can we resist
evil or destructive commands while continuing to recognize those in
positions of authority, thereby preserving the visibility of the Church?
We can certainly resist any command that is objectively evil, and even those
that constitute occasions of sin, or represent dangers to the faith.
According to Suarez, we should even disobey commands that are contrary to
good customs – even if the one commanding is the Pope. Wrote Suarez:
"If [the Pope] gives an order contrary to good customs, he should not be
obeyed; if he attempts to do something manifestly opposed to justice and the
common good, it will be licit to resist him; if he attacks by force, by
force he can be repelled, with a moderation appropriate to a just defense."
(3)
In considering the issue of obedience, we should recall that there is a
hierarchical order to the virtues. The lower virtues are subordinate to, and
meant to serve, the higher. The highest virtues are the theological virtues
(faith, hope and charity), which have God for their object. The cardinal
virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance) fall beneath the
theological virtues. Obedience is a moral virtue, which is subordinate to
(and part of) the cardinal virtue of Justice.
Like all moral virtues, obedience is a balance point – the rational mean
- between excess and defect, and as such can be violated in either
direction: that is, either by disobeying a just command (defect), or by
obeying an unjust command (excess). Unjust laws, which St. Thomas calls
“acts of violence, rather than laws” (4) do not bind in conscience, “except
perhaps in order to avoid scandal or disturbance.” (Ibid) If the command of
one superior conflicts with the command of a higher authority, we must
resist the former and obey the latter. Such resistance to a lower authority
is not disobedience, but rather obedience to the higher authority. No one is
obliged to obey a precept that it is morally impossible for him to fulfill,
and if any command is contrary to the natural or divine law, it must be
steadfastly resisted. “Authority, be it civil or ecclesiastical, can never
oblige a man to commit even a venial sin, for we must obey God rather than
man”. (5)
Pope Leo XIII said, “where the power to command is wanting, or where a law
is enacted contrary to reason, or to the eternal law, or to some ordinance
of God, obedience is unlawful, lest, while obeying man, we become
disobedient to God.” (Diuturnum Illud) In another place he
explained that “there is no reason why those who so behave themselves should
be accused of refusing obedience; for, if the will of rulers is opposed to
the will and the laws of God, they themselves exceed the bounds of their own
power and pervert justice; nor can their authority then be valid, which,
when there is no justice, is null.” (Libertas)
Just as it would be wrong to obey a sinful command, or a command that is
“contrary to reason”, so too is it wrong to obey a command that is repugnant
to the Faith. This is evident when we consider that the purpose of the lower
virtues is to serve, not undermine, the higher. Faith, being a theological
virtue, should never be put at risk under the specious pretext of
“obedience”.
Now, just as it is sometimes necessary to disobey a positive
command (a command to do something), so too is it sometimes
necessary to disobey a negative command (a command not to
do something), such as when obedience to a negative command would prevent a
person from doing what justice and charity demand. If a superior forbad an
inferior from paying a bill that he owed in justice (and if the superior did
not make other arrangement to have the bill paid), obedience to that command
would be unjust, and therefore excessive. For this reason, Pope St. Gregory
the Great said:
“Know that evil ought never to be done by way of obedience, though sometimes
something good, which is being done, ought to be discontinued out of
obedience.”
(6)
Notice he doesn’t say that which is good ought always to be discontinued out
of obedience, but only sometimes; that is, when it is not contrary to
justice to obey.
The notion of “blind obedience” must be properly understood: it does not
imply obedience to a command that is sinful. As Pope Benedict XIV observed,
the notion of blind obedience is meant to check prudence of the flesh, not
prudence of the spirit:
“A superior is not to be obeyed when he commands anything contrary to the
divine law, as we read in Gratian…. Neither is a monk to obey his abbot when
he commands anything contrary to the rule, according to the well-known
letter of St. Bernard to the monk Adam. A blind obedience excludes the
prudence of the flesh, not the prudence of the spirit, as shown at
length by Suarez.”
(7)
Priests who are forbidden by liberal and Modernist bishops to offer the True
Mass, when there is no other Mass available, must consider whether obedience
to this command is just or excessive. They should also consider that in our
day, when the modernist wolves are devouring the flock, the faithful are in
desperate need of help.
Refusing obedience to a particular command of a lawful superior does not
require that we reject their authority to rule, as such. St. Thomas makes
the important distinction between resisting a superior in the exercise
of authority, and denying their authority to rule. In his Commentary on
the Book of Galatians, he wrote the following about St. Paul resisting
St. Peter to his face.
“[T]he Apostle opposed Peter in the exercise of authority, not
in his authority of ruling. Therefore from the foregoing we have an
example: for prelates, an example of humility, that they not disdain
corrections from those who are lower and subject to them; while subjects
have an example of zeal and freedom, so they will not fear to correct
their prelates, particularly if their crime is public and verges upon danger
to the multitude."
(8)
In our day, when the Faith is being undermined continuously by ravening
wolves in the hierarchy – all the way to the very highest pinnacle of the
Church – the faithful are more than justified in resisting them in the
exercise of their authority without, however, denying their authority
to rule. Those who claim it is not permissible to Recognize and Resist
wayward prelates have themselves departed from antiquity and consent,
in this respect.
Epikeia
St. Thomas defines law as an ordinance of reason, for the common good,
promulgated by one who has care of the community. The purpose of law is to
guide man in his actions, so that he will more easily attain the end for
which he was created. Due to the Fall, man’s intellect has been darkened and
his will weakened. Consequently, man often errs in his judgment (defect of
the intellect), and chooses what he ought not (defect of the will). Law is
intended to serve as a remedy for these defects. The letter of the law
informs the intellect what should be done and what should be avoided, while
the sanctions help motivate the will to choose correctly. But, since law is
a general ordinance which does not foresee all possible circumstances, it
sometimes happens that a law, good in itself, becomes injurious, and
therefore contrary to the intention of the lawgiver. In such circumstances,
as St. Thomas teaches, “it is good to set aside the letter of the law and to
follow the dictates of justice and the common good.” (9)
We have various examples of this in the Scriptures. In the Gospel of
Matthew, for example, we find our Lord defending the apostles when, being
hungry, they violated the letter of the law by picking corn on the Sabbath.
When the Pharisees objected – “thy disciples do that which is not lawful to
do on the Sabbath” - our Lord defended them by pointing to David who himself
violated the letter of the law out of necessity. (Mt 12:1-4).
This exception to the letter of the law is called Epikeia, or “equity”.
Epikeia is a moral virtue, a subjective part of justice (10), and can be
exercised toward both positive and negative laws (11). Its purpose is to
“defend the common good, the judgment of conscience, the rights of
individuals … from oppression by the abuse of power”. (12). Epikeia is good
old-fashion common sense applied during extraordinary or unforeseen
circumstances. It is a much needed virtue in our day, when the letter of the
law is so often used to undermine the faith.
In the current ecclesiastical crisis, one need not scruple when necessity
requires that Epikeia be applied. For example, if the only Mass within a
reasonable driving distance is celebrated by a liberal priest who regularly
preaches heresy from the pulpit, it may be necessary to disobey the general
law requiring attendance at Mass, since obedience to the law would
constitute a danger to the Faith. In such a case, obedience to the letter of
the law would be contrary to the mind of the lawgiver, and therefore the
letter of law would not oblige. St. Thomas went so far as to say: “In the
time of necessity there is no law”. (13)
Beware of False Prophets
We have seen that obedience to particular commands and to general laws does
not always oblige, and refusing to obey a person in the exercise of
his authority, does not require a rejection of their authority as such. But
what about listening to and following the teaching of prelates who preach
strange and novel doctrines? Is it contrary to tradition for the faithful to
refuse to listen to such prelates, and/or resist their novel teachings?
Quite the contrary.
St. Bellarmine cites divine law (John 10, Mt 7, Gal 1) to show that
heretical bishops should not be listened to by the people. He also notes,
however, that according to tradition, heretical bishops can only be deposed
by the proper authorities. This shows that one can refuse to listen to a
heretical bishop without, however, having to maintain that they have fallen
from their office. In the following quotation, Bellarmine uses the term
“false prophet” to refer to someone who teaches false doctrines, not one who
makes predictions that don’t come to pass. He begins by explaining that the
faithful can distinguish a true prophet from a false prophet by “watching
carefully to see if the one preaching says the contrary of his
predecessors”, and then, one paragraph later, he adds:
“We must point out, besides, that the faithful can certainly distinguish a
true prophet (teacher) from a false one, by the rule that we have laid down,
but for all that, if the pastor is a bishop, they cannot depose him and put
another in his place. For Our Lord and the Apostles only lay down that
false prophets are not to be listened to by the people, and not that they
depose them. And it is certain that the practice of the Church has
always been that heretical bishops be deposed by bishop's councils,
or by the Sovereign Pontiff.”
(14)
If a bishop is found teaching strange, novel, or apparently heretical
doctrines, he should not be listened to. Listening to such a one is a danger
to the Faith, and therefore an occasion of sin. Since we are required to
avoid occasions of sin, we are justified in not listening to bishops who
teaching heresy. The same holds true for a Pope who deviates from the Faith
by teaching novel or heretical doctrines, which is possible as long as he is
not defining a doctrine to be held by the universal Church, since it is only
then that the charism of infallibility will prevent him from erring. When
not defining a doctrine, popes can, and indeed have, taught error. In such
an instance, they can be resisted.
This is explained in the Papal Bull of Paul IV, Cum ex Apostolatus
Officio, which teaches that a Pope who has deviated from the Faith can
be contradicted.
“In assessing Our duty and the situation now prevailing, We have been
weighed upon by the thought that a matter of this kind is so grave and so
dangerous [to the Faith] that the Roman Pontiff, who is the representative
upon earth of God and our God and Lord Jesus Christ, who holds the fullness
of power over peoples and kingdoms, who may judge all and be judged by none
in this world, may nonetheless be contradicted if he be found to have
deviated from the Faith.”
Notice, he does not say a former pope (who lost his office due to heresy)
can be contradicted if he deviates from the Faith. No, he said “the
Roman Pontiff, who is the representative upon earth of God … may
nonetheless be contradicted if he be found to have deviated from the Faith”.
The notion that Catholics cannot recognize yet resist a pope who deviates
from the Faith (which is maintained by most Sedevacantists), or that
whatever a pope does or says, regardless of how far it deviates from
tradition, must be followed blindly and defended (as is maintained by many
“conservatives”), is a complete novelty.
When Pope Paschal II, under duress, entered into an agreement with the
Emperor which permitted lay investiture (which his predecessor, Gregory VII,
condemned and forbade), the Archbishop of Vienne, Paschall’s own legate in
France, called a council and declared lay investitures to be heretical.
At the Council, three men who were later canonized (Bruno of Cologne, Hugh
of Grenoble, and Godfrey of Amiens), as well as the future Pope Callistus
II, all demanded that Pope Paschal renounce the agreement he made with the
Emperor. They informed him that, should he fail to do so, “we will be
obliged to withdraw our allegiance from you.. In the end, the Pope admitted
he was wrong. “I confess that I failed” declared the repentant Pope, “and
ask you to pray to God to pardon me”. (15)
Bishop Melchior Cano O.P., a theologian of the Council of Trent, said
indiscriminate loyalty to a pope does not strengthen, but rather undermines
his authority:
“Peter has no need of our lies or flattery. Those who blindly and
indiscriminately defend every decision of the Supreme Pontiff are the very
ones who do most to undermine the authority of the Holy See - they destroy
instead of strengthening its foundations".
(16)
In the following quotation, St. Thomas explains why it is that we must
resist the preaching of a prelate when it is contrary to the Faith. He also
explains how the faithful are able to discern these errors. He notes that
the habit of faith (the supernatural virtue of faith) gives the faithful an
inclination contrary to such errors. This explains how those with the Faith
instinctively know when a prelate is teaching errors (even if they don’t
know exactly how to refute them), and it also explains why “Catholics” on
the Left are utterly blind to such a reality:
“Because, as a man ought to obey a lower power in those things only which
are not opposed to the higher power; so even a man ought to adapt himself to
the rule in all things according to its mode; on the other hand, a man ought
to adapt himself to the secondary rule in those things which are
not at variance with the primary rule: because in those matters in
which it is at variance, it is not a rule: On that account, one is not
to give assent to the preaching of a prelate which is contrary to the faith
since in this it is discordant with the primary rule. Nor through
ignorance is a subject excused from the whole: since the habit of faith
causes an inclination to the contrary, since it teaches necessarily of all
things that pertain to salvation.”
(17)
The deposit of faith (Tradition) is the primary rule; the teaching
of the bishops is the secondary rule. If the secondary rule
deviates from the primary rule, the secondary rule must not be followed. And
if the secondary rule obscures the primary rule through ambiguous and/or
contradictory teachings, prudence dictates that the faithful look to the
past, when the secondary rule taught the primary rule with clarity. It is
interesting to note that Fr. Culleton, in his book The Prophets and Our
Times (1941), stated that the chastisement will be brought about by the
Magisterium (the secondary rule) “failing to preach God’s word” (the primary
rule).
Our Lord permitted this unprecedented crisis in the Church to erupt during
the “information age”. This has both a positive and a negative aspect. It is
a positive insofar as the faithful have access to catechisms, the writings
of the theologians and the Fathers, the Popes, and Councils – all at their
fingertips. If someone really wants to know what the Church teaches today,
he can find it. The negative aspect of the modern means of communication is
that the scandalous actions and statements of the Pope are broadcast for all
the world to see.
The prudent person will use the unprecedented availability of good
information to study the faith by reading only the catechisms and
encyclicals prior to 1960 (when the crisis erupted), and respond to the
negative aspect (knowledge of scandals coming from those in authority) by
turning a deaf ear to the novelties emanating from members of the hierarchy
– especially those coming from “the very top”, where, according to Cardinal
Ciappi, the Third Secret of Fatima predicted that “the great apostasy in the
Church will begin.” (18)
There is nothing un-Catholic about paying little or no attention to the
currently reigning pope. For the first 1900 years, most Catholics went about
their daily lives without being concerned, or even aware, of what was
happening in Rome. To demonstrate this, Blessed Juniper Serra, O.F.M, (d.
1784), a missionary priest in California, was so unaware of the goings-on in
Rome that he didn’t even know the Pope’s name. In a letter to a confrere in
Europe, Fr. Serra asked his friend if he would be so kind as to provide him
with the Pope’s name: “when you get an opportunity” wrote Fr. Serra, will
you “inform me what the most Holy Father, the reigning Pope, is called, that
I may put his name in the Canon of the Mass”. (19)
This shows that Catholics have no duty to bother themselves with the daily
or weekly events in Rome – especially during the current crisis, when such
events could endanger their faith. On the other hand, since the scandals are
being broadcast so widely and doing so much harm, it is necessary for those
who are strong in the Faith speak up and publicly resist the novelties that
undermine the Faith. In extraordinary times such as these, when the Pope
himself speaks with the “voice of a stranger,” (John 10:5) our primary duty
is to protect and defend the Faith. In The Liturgical Year, Dom
Prosper Guéranger wrote:
“When the shepherd becomes a wolf, the first duty of the flock is to defend
itself. (…) The true children of Holy Church, at such times, are those who
walk by the light of their Baptism, not the cowardly souls who, under the
specious pretext of submission to the powers that be, delay their opposition
to the enemy in the hope of receiving instructions [to do so] which are
neither necessary nor desirable."
Conclusion
Those who hold fast to antiquity and consent, as taught by
St. Vincent of Lerins, will be preserved from many errors during the present
crisis. They will know that Catholics can recognize the authority
of a prelate, while resisting him in the exercise of authority (Galatians
1:8-10). They will know that obedience to particular commands should be
refused when the command itself is sinful (Pope Leo XIII), or contrary to
good customs (Suarez), and they will know that obedience to general laws can
be set aside in extraordinary circumstances (Epikeia, Mt. 12:1-4). By
holding to tradition and the teaching of the Magisterium, they will also
know that a pope who deviates from the Faith can be contradicted, without
having to declare that he has ceased to be Pope. (Pope Paul IV)
To maintain the straight and narrow path during the present crisis, we
simply need to follow the teaching of St. Paul by standing fast and holding
to tradition (2 Thess. 2:14) which, as St. Vincent of Lerins said, can never
be led astray by any lying novelty”.
Notes
1) The Commonitorium of Vincent of Lerins, R. Moxon, (Cambridge
Patristic Texts, 1915)
2) cf. Summa I Q1, A4
3) Suarez, De Fide, (Paris: Vivès, 1958), Vol. XII, pg 321
4) Summa I-II Q 96, A 4
5) Handbook of Moral Theology, Rev. Antony Koch, D.D. (B. Herd Book
Co, 1918) pg. 166
6) Moralium, lib. V, c. 10 quoted in The Destruction of the
Christian Tradition, Coomaraswamy pg 121
7) Treatise of Benedict XIV, Vol III (London: Thomas Richardson and Son,
1882) pg 59-60
8) Super Epistulas S. Pauli, Ad Galatas, 2, 11-14, lec. III, (Taurini/Romae:
Marietti, 1953) nn. 83f.
9) Cf. Summa II-II Q 120, A 1 and 2
10) Ibid.
11) Handbook of Moral Theology, Idem. pg 181
12) Moral Theology, McHugh and Callan, (1958), 413
13) Summa I-II, Q 96, A.6
14) De Membris Ecclesiae, Lib. I De Clerics, cap. 7. (Opera Omnia,
Paris: Vives, 1870) p 428-429
15) See: The Destruction of the Christian Tradition, Coomaraswamy, pg 125
16) Quoted in Witness to Hope, George. Weigel, pg 15.
17) Commento Sent. P. Lombardo, Vol. 6, (Bologna : PDUL - Edizioni
Studio Domenicano , 2000) p 198
18) The Fourth Secret of Fatima, Antonio Socci, Pg. 122.
19) The Catholic Pioneers of America, Murray (Kilner & Cp.,
Philadelphia, 1882) pg 324, from the January 2015 edition of Catholic
Family News